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data-permalink=https://www.thailande-fr.com/culture/37840-linfluence-historique-de-lhindouisme-thailande/attachment/shiva_ramintra data-orig-file=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Shiva_Ramintra.jpg data-orig-size=1200,674 data-comments-opened=1 data-image-meta={"aperture":"2","credit":"Picasa","camera":"ALE-L02","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1449763963","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.79","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.0015948963317384","title":"","orientation":"0"} data-image-title=Shiva_Ramintra data-image-description data-image-caption data-medium-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Shiva_Ramintra.jpg data-large-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Shiva_Ramintra.jpg title="L'influence historique de l'hindouisme en Thaïlande 1 - thailande-fr"></div><div class=cs-overlay-content><div class=entry-inline-meta><div class=meta-category><ul class=post-categories> <li><a 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class=cs-overlay-background> <img width=83 height=110 src=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/jjacobs.jpg class="attachment-csco-intermediate size-csco-intermediate wp-post-image" alt="jjacobs - thailande-fr" decoding=async data-attachment-id=37977 data-permalink=https://www.thailande-fr.com/actu/37976-la-mauvaise-blague-dun-touriste-britannique/attachment/jjacobs data-orig-file=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/jjacobs.jpg data-orig-size=540,720 data-comments-opened=1 data-image-meta={"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"} data-image-title=jjacobs data-image-description data-image-caption data-medium-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/jjacobs.jpg data-large-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/jjacobs.jpg title="La mauvaise blague d'un touriste britannique 2 - thailande-fr"></div><div class=cs-overlay-content></div> <a href=https://www.thailande-fr.com/actu/37976-la-mauvaise-blague-dun-touriste-britannique class=cs-overlay-link></a></div></div><header class=entry-header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href=https://www.thailande-fr.com/actu/37976-la-mauvaise-blague-dun-touriste-britannique>La mauvaise blague d’un touriste britannique</a></h6></header></div></section><div class=entry-sidebar><section class="post-section post-sidebar-date"> <time class="entry-date published" datetime=2015-12-18T13:41:01+07:00><span class="reader-text published-text">Published on</span> 18 décembre 2015, 13:41 Asia/Bangkok</time></section><section class="post-section post-sidebar-author"><h5 class="title-block"> Author</h5><div class=author-wrap><div class=author><div class=author-description><h5 class="title-author"> <span class=fn> <a href=https://www.thailande-fr.com/author/loriscz rel=author> Loris Curtenaz </a> </span></h5></div></div></div></section><section 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href="whatsapp://send?text=https://www.thailande-fr.com/culture/37840-linfluence-historique-de-lhindouisme-thailande" class=pk-share-buttons-link target=_blank><i class="pk-share-buttons-icon pk-icon pk-icon-whatsapp"></i> <span class="pk-share-buttons-title pk-font-primary">WhatsApp</span> </a></div></div></div></div></section></div></div><div class=entry-content-wrap><div class=entry-content><div class="pk-toc pk-toc-state-expanded"><h5 class="pk-title pk-toc-title pk-font-block"> Sommaire <span class=pk-toc-btn-hide>Hide</span></h5><ol ><li><a href=#le-brahmanisme-et-la-monarchie-thailandaise>Le brahmanisme et la monarchie thaïlandaise</a></li><li><a href=#le-ramayana-indien-a-la-base-de-lepopee-nationale>Le Ramayana indien à la base de l’épopée nationale</a></li><li><a href=#la-balancoire-geante-rituel-brahmanique>La balançoire géante, rituel brahmanique</a></li><li><a href=#des-divinites-hindoues-omnipresentes>Des divinités hindoues omniprésentes</a></li></ol></div><p>Les liens du territoire de la Thaïlande actuelle avec l’hindouisme sont millénaires suite à l’indianisation de l’Asie du Sud-est et la domination successive de ces contrées par les civilisations d<span class=st>vâravatî</span>, khmer puis thaï.<span id=more-37840></span></p><p>On retrouve aujourd’hui cet héritage dans les ruines de somptueux temples dédiés à des dieux hindous tel <em>Phanom Rung</em> à Buriram et <em>Sdok Kok Thom</em> à Aranyaprathet, tous deux construits en l’honneur de <em>Shiva</em>, ou encore le <em>Prang Khaek</em> en plein centre de Lopburi.</p><p>Plus généralement, en se mélangeant avec l’animisme local et le bouddhisme, beaucoup du fond culturel, religieux et mythologique de la Thaïlande renvoient à l’Inde, ses légendes et ses nombreuses divinités.</p><p>L’emblème national de la Thaïlande (Phra Khrut Pha), que l’on retrouve sur tous les documents officiels (passeports, billets de banque, quasiment tous les documents publiés par le gouvernement), représente l’homme-oiseau Garuda qui est aussi la monture du dieu Vishnou dans la mythologie hindouiste.</p><h2 id="le-brahmanisme-et-la-monarchie-thailandaise">Le brahmanisme et la monarchie thaïlandaise</h2><p>Le système monarchique en Thaïlande, inspiré de certains rois du Royaume d’Angkor, suit toujours le précepte de <em>Devaraja</em>, c’est-à-dire du dieu-roi.</p><figure id=attachment_37950 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-37950 style="width: 305px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.png rel="attachment wp-att-37950"><img decoding=async data-attachment-id=37950 data-permalink=https://www.thailande-fr.com/culture/37840-linfluence-historique-de-lhindouisme-thailande/attachment/garuda_emblem_of_thailand data-orig-file=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.png data-orig-size=400,425 data-comments-opened=1 data-image-meta={"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"} data-image-title=Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand data-image-description data-image-caption data-medium-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.png data-large-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.png class=wp-image-37950 src=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.png alt="le Garuda, est issu de la mythologie hindouiste" width=305 height=324 title="L'influence historique de l'hindouisme en Thaïlande 3 - thailande-fr"></a><figcaption id=caption-attachment-37950 class=wp-caption-text>L’emblème national de la Thaïlande, le Garuda, est issu de la mythologie hindouiste</figcaption></figure><p>Selon ce concept, se basant autant sur la mythologie brahmanique que bouddhique, le roi est roi parce qu’il possède le sang royal de sa lignée, qu’il est considéré comme une incarnation du dieu <em>Vishnou</em>, – rapports à l’hindouisme –, et qu’il est un <em>Bodhisattva</em> accomplissant des mérites – rapport au bouddhisme.</p><p>Celui qui couronne le roi et qui conduit les principaux rituels au palais royal n’est ainsi pas un moine bouddhiste mais un brahmane, c’est-à-dire un religieux hindou appartenant à la caste des prêtres.</p><p>Portant le nom honorifique de Phara Rajaguru Vamadevamuni, il est l’héritier d’une longue lignée de brahmane qui a servi les précédents rois de la dynastie des <em>Chakri</em>.</p><p>Ce prêtre est basé dans un temple discret du nom de <em>Dhevasathan</em> sur l’île de Rattanakosin, à côté du Wat Suthat. Construit par Rama I, ce sanctuaire est un lieu spirituel et mythologique extrêmement important pour la monarchie.</p><p>Ce complexe ouvert au public abrite trois représentations des principaux dieux hindous dans un style thaï unique: <em>Shiva, Ganesh</em> et <em>Vishnou</em>. Du fait de leur caractère historique et symbolique pour le Royaume, il est strictement interdit de les photographier.</p><h2 id="le-ramayana-indien-a-la-base-de-lepopee-nationale">Le Ramayana indien à la base de l’épopée nationale</h2><p>Plusieurs aspects historiques du Royaume renvoient inexorablement à des branches de l’hindouisme.</p><p>L’ancienne capitale Ayutthaya fut par exemple nommée d’après <em>Ayodhya</em>, ville sainte de l’hindouisme située dans l’Etat de l’Uttar Pradesh en Inde.</p><p><em>Ayodhya</em> fut la capitale d’un royaume gouverné par un certain Rama, l’une des incarnations (avatar) du dieu <em>Vishnou</em>. Rama, <em>Praram</em> en thaï (พระราม), est également le nom par lequel on distingue<a href=https://www.thailande-fr.com/actu/34364-le-6-avril-jour-de-la-dynastie-des-rois-chakri-en-thailand target=_blank> les neufs rois de la dynastie des <em>Chakri</em> en Thaïlande</a>, eux-mêmes des incarnations de <em>Vishnou</em>.</p><p>L’emblème de la monarchie thaïlandaise est en fait la superposition de deux armes divines hindouiste: le Chakra, sorte de disque dentelé destiné à être lancé contre l’ennemi, utilisé par Vishnou, et le Trisula, un trident qui est l’arme de Shiva.</p><figure id=attachment_24058 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-24058 style="width: 371px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/421px-Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg_.png rel="attachment wp-att-24058"><img loading=lazy decoding=async class=wp-image-24058 src=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/421px-Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg_.png alt="L'emblème de la monarchie thaïlandaise est en fait la superposition de deux armes divines hindouiste" width=371 height=528 title="L'influence historique de l'hindouisme en Thaïlande 4 - thailande-fr"></a><figcaption id=caption-attachment-24058 class=wp-caption-text>L’emblème de la monarchie thaïlandaise est en fait la superposition de deux armes divines hindouiste</figcaption></figure><p>Écrite en sanskrit, la vie du Rama indien a été racontée dans l’épopée <em>Ramayana</em>, dont il existe plusieurs versions en Asie du Sud-est, par exemple le <em>Reamker</em> au Cambodge ou le <em>Kakawin Ramayana</em> sur l’île de Java.</p><p>En Thaïlande, la version locale du <em>Ramayana</em>, écrite sous l’ère de Rama I, se nomme <em>Ramakien</em>, littéralement la Gloire de Rama.</p><p>L’histoire, les principaux personnages et les divinités hindoues restent les mêmes mais l’épopée fut transférée dans le contexte historique et culturel thaï. Au <em>Wat Phra Keaw</em>, le temple royal, on peut observer des fresques dépeignant l’histoire issue du <em>Ramakien</em>.</p><h2 id="la-balancoire-geante-rituel-brahmanique">La balançoire géante, rituel brahmanique</h2><p>Autre exemple étonnant des croyances issues du système religieux hindou à Bangkok, la balançoire géante (Giant Swing – <em>Sao Ching Cha</em>), en face du temple de <em>Wat Suthat</em>, n’est pas une structure bouddhique, encore moins de l’art contemporain ou un <em>Torii</em> japonais, mais une représentation d’un mythe brahmanique.</p><p>Construite deux ans après la création du Royaume de Rattanakosin en 1784, la structure en teck fut plusieurs fois remplacée. Celle actuellement en place fut inaugurée fin 2006 et mesure 21 mètres de haut.</p><p>Autrefois utilisée comme véritable balançoire géante pour célébrer l’arrivée symbolique de <em>Shiva</em> et <em>Vishnou</em> sur terre une fois par an, la structure devrait à nouveau être le théâtre de ces impressionnants rituels brahmanique s’il l’on en croit les propos du gouverneur de Bangkok.</p><h2 id="des-divinites-hindoues-omnipresentes">Des divinités hindoues omniprésentes</h2><p>Au-delà des rites, de l’histoire et des croyances brahmaniques qui peuplent l’imaginaire national, les divinités hindoues bénéficient d’une forte popularité dans la population.</p><p>Se mélangeant allégrement au bouddhisme, ces croyances coexistent sans peine pour former un système religieux cohérent, basé sur les mérites, la dévotion et la foi.</p><figure id=attachment_10708 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-10708 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/erawan.jpg rel="attachment wp-att-10708"><img loading=lazy decoding=async data-attachment-id=10708 data-permalink=https://www.thailande-fr.com/tourisme/5968-bangkok-elue-meilleure-ville-au-monde/attachment/erawan data-orig-file=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/erawan.jpg data-orig-size=640,480 data-comments-opened=1 data-image-meta={"aperture":"2.8","credit":"thailande-fr.com","camera":"DSC-W1","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1228020423","copyright":"thailande-fr.com","focal_length":"7.9","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.00625","title":"","orientation":"1"} data-image-title=erawan data-image-description data-image-caption="<p>Se plaçant en tête de ce classement, Bangkok devance de grands villes comme Florence, Rome, Sydney, New-York, Barcelone ou Buenos Aires. </p>" data-medium-file=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/erawan.jpg data-large-file=https://www.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/erawan.jpg class="wp-image-10708 size-full" src=https://s3.thailande-fr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/erawan.jpg alt="erawan shrine Bangkok" width=640 height=480 title="L'influence historique de l'hindouisme en Thaïlande 5 - thailande-fr"></a><figcaption id=caption-attachment-10708 class=wp-caption-text>Le sanctuaire d’Erawan à Bangkok : les Thaïlandais et les touristes y vénèrent Phra Phrom, la représentation locale de Brahma.</figcaption></figure><p>Ainsi, rien qu’à Bangkok, on compte des centaines de petits sanctuaires représentant des divinités hindoues où les Thaïlandais viennent se recueillir et prier pour leur bonne fortune.</p><p>Le plus connu de tous est le sanctuaire d’<em>Erawan</em>, situé en plein quartier d’affaires. Les Thaïlandais et les touristes y vénèrent <em>Phra Phrom</em>, la représentation locale de <em>Brahma</em>.</p><p>Suite au terrible attentat d’août 2015, il n’a pas fallu une semaine pour que <em>Erawan Shrine</em> retrouve sa splendeur et ses fidèles.</p><p>D’autres sanctuaires ne désemplissent jamais tel celui à la sortie de la station de métro <em>Huay Kwang</em>, en l’honneur de <em>Ganesh</em>, le dieu éléphant du panthéon hindou. 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